Analysis of Petrarch’s Sonnet 134 Essay

Based on the persona’s love that is unreciprocated by his beloved, the Poet illustrates in this sonnet, an internal conflict in the persona. The wholly bitter tone establishes a holistically integrating theme of being torn apart for love and also an atmosphere of histrionic resentment engorged with Petrarch’s hyperbolized emotions. Divided into an octet and a sestet, which are respectively divided into two quatrains and two triplets, the sonnet follows a strict formula of end-stopped lines and medial caesurae: â€Å"I find no peace || and have no arms for war |† (l. 1); The use of lineation in this sonnet adds to the conflict in the poem as tropic figures of speech that insinuate a sense of paradox are used ubiquitously: oxymora and antitheses are used to contrast ideas separated by the medial caesurae; â€Å"My jailer opens not, nor locks the door,† (l. 5) gives further evidence to the point postulated, how can a jailer not lock yet not open a door simult aneously? The end-stopped lines and the medial caesurae suggest a sense of finality and possibly a disheveled state of emotion as the abrupt pauses break the flow of the recitation and reflect the disturbances in the persona’s emotions, to me the fact that the poem keeps cycling forward as the paradoxical wheel that it is, intimates an anguished continuity. Life is a conflict. That is just the way that it is. The octet pivots into the sestet through a Volta that does not propose a solution to the emotional conflicts but rather states â€Å"why† the Poet must suffer so, and it is proclaimed rather blamefully, that it is â€Å"his lady† who has gifted him with such torment — â€Å"for you || my lady || am I in this state |† (l. 14); the change in syntax here serves to intimate an overtly dramatic tone as well as bring emphasis to â€Å"I†, hinting a bruise to the poet’s ego. It is common knowledge that a Petrarchan sonnet traditionally has the rhyme scheme: abba abba cde cde; but it is clear that this is not the case here. Using an inconsistent rhyme scheme: abab abab cde cde, the Poet corroborates the inconsistent emotions of the persona, wavering towards extremes. The poem is dominated by the rubato iambic pentameter that most sonnets are expected to have. The regularity of the iambic pentameter results in a continuous feeling: it is a meter of acceptance, as the true nature of life is not different, it too is continuous and one must accept it. But it is not without exceptions.

To Kill a Mockingbird Letter Essay

June 20, 1935 Mr B. B Underwood chief editor Maycomb tribune newspaper Po Box Maycomb USA Nst290 Dear Mr B. B Underwood, I strongly believe that Tom Robinson was not guilty of the crime and the sentence was untrue and unjust. I am appalled to hear that he was guilty of raping Mayella Ewell when there was no substantial or even any evidence against Tom Robinson. I was at the trial of Tom Robinson and noticed many substantial faults in Mayella Ewell’s story as she proposed in the court. I watched as Atticus examined her testimony and asked why she didn’t put up a better fight and why her screams didn’t bring the many other children in the Ewell’s house running. Additionally, all the physical evidence is against the Ewell’s claims because Mayella’s bruises are on the right side of her face and Tom Robinson can’t use his left arm due to an accident where his hand was torn apart by a cotton gin when he was a boy. Mayella and Bob Ewell are both very obnoxious during the trail and in my opinion don’t seem very trustworthy. Mr Ewell did not called a doctor after learning of Mayella’s injuries. If Tom Robinson had committed the crime, Mr Ewell’s first instinct would to get his daughter checked out. i hope you agree this would be the normal approach of a father concerned about his daughter. Tom’s side of the story is much more just. As I listened to Tom he explained that he always did chores for the Ewell’s and one day Mayella asked him to lift a box down from a dresser. When Tom climbed on a chair, she grabbed his legs, scaring him so much that he jumped down. She then hugged him around the waist and asked him to kiss her. As she struggled, her father, Bob Ewell, appeared at the window, calling Mayella a whore and threatening to kill her. As a result Tom then fled the house. Mr Ewell is likely to have misinterpreted the actual situation. I think Bob Ewell is more likely to have bashed or even molested his daughter than Mr Robinson . Tom is a respectable member of the Maycomb community with a steady job and is a hardworking man meanwhile Bob Ewell is often drunk, mostly unemployed and a member of Maycomb’s poorest family. The prosecution has produced no medical evidence of the crime and has presented only the shaky testimony of two unreliable witnesses, the physical evidence suggests that Bob Ewell, not Tom Robinson, beat Mayella. I believe Mayella is lonely and unhappy. She committed the unmentionable act of lusting after a black man and then concealed her shame by accusing him of rape after being caught. I conclude again that Tom Robinson is not guilty. Mr Robinson was only named guilty because of the colour of his skin and racism on this town of Maycomb. Thank you for your time in considering my opinion. I look forward to you publishing my point of view in the tribune I would appreciate it being published anonymously of the divide of the community. Sincerely, Henry Jenkins 19 Mille road Maycomb USA. June 20, 1935 Mr B. B Underwood chief editor Maycomb tribune newspaper Po Box Maycomb USA Nst290 Dear Mr B. B under wood I attended the court case yesterday and I decidedly believe the sentencing of Tom Robinson was ethical and just. I decisively disapprove the statements and remarks that Atticus made during the trail and feel terrible for the Ewell family in result of their daughter being raped. Why would a good white girl like Mayella be in the slightest attracted to an older black man? We all know that black and white don’t mix. Our history and society is supported by this principle. Blacks are there to serve whites after all. They find themselves in Macomb and the rest of America generally because they are to improve the lives of the white population. I am dismayed at the fabricated story that Tom Robinson proposed to the court. The possibility of no one being home because Mayella gave his younger siblings money to go and buy ice-creams and then tries to flirt and kiss Mr Robinson is just absurd. These events could not happen. To follow up Mr Robinson’s story, Atticus then explains how Bob Ewell beat his own daughter. I believe that this story is just a extensive ridiculous cover up for the horrific rape of Mayella Ewell. I conclude that the sentencing of Tom Robinson was appropriate and just. He deserved every bit of his of the death penalty sentence. He should be frowned upon in the Macomb community. Thank you for reading my letter of opinion. I would greatly appreciate if this letter could be published in the Macomb tribune. Sincerely, Mrs Henry Lafayette Dubose 4 Corbel road Maycomb USA

Characteristics of Anthroponyms Essay

Theses of the scientific paper â€Å"Semantic, social pragmatic and functional characteristics of anthroponyms (based on the novel John Updike â€Å"The Centaur†)†; Viktoriya Melnychuk; Khmelnyts’kyi regional MAN department; Shepetivka educational complex #1; form 11; Tarnavska Olena Myhaylivna, the candidate of philological sciences, associate professor of department of English philology of the Volynskiy national university named after Lesia Ukrainka. The purpose  of this paper  is to analyze anthroponyms, their semantic, social pragmatic and functional characteristics of  anthroponyms (based on the novel  John Updike  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Centaur†). The full communication, that is correct perception, evaluation and interpretation of information, is impossible without knowing the specific set of anthroponyms and their functions in language and text. The names of famous personalities, literature characters make up a significant part of knowledge, necessary for understanding and assessment of the culture different people. Therefore, our research is relevant. The subject of the research is semantic, social pragmatic and functional characteristics of  anthroponyms (based on the novel  John Updike  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Centaur†). Anthroponomastics  , a branch of  onomastics, is the study of  anthroponyms  , the names of  human beings. Anthroponyms often preserve lexical elements that have dropped out of the standard  lexicon  of a  language. The subdivisions of anthroponymy include: given names, surnames, clan names, matronyms, patronyms, teknonyms, nicknames, ethnonyms. Allusion is the main feature of the anthroponyms. Allusion is a brief reference to some to some literary or historical event commonly known. Allusion is a subtype of metaphor. Metaphor denotes expressing remaining on the basis of similarity of two objects: the real object of speech and the one whose name is actually used. But there is only affinity, no real connection between the two. Most of anthroponyms in the novel John Updike â€Å"The Centaur† are the individual, which expressed their own names, surnames, status names and perform the nominative function.

Stem Cell Research Legislation Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Stem Cell Legislation - Research Paper Example Finally, this paper will close down with an explicit conclusion that regards the stem cell research. Introduction Stem cells refer to certain unspecialized cells found in multi-cellular organisms that have the potential of dividing and differentiating into specialized cells when subjected under particular physiological conditions. Stem cells are divided into two different groups depending on the manner through which each type is obtained. The first grouping is the adult stem cells that involve cells extracted from the body of an adult human being and that are able to divide and differentiate in order to regenerate tissues resembling the original extraction point. Adult stem cells are commonly present in the skin, liver, bone marrows and brain. Jayachandran (2005) confirms that adult stem cells are held responsible for every repair that occurs on a damaged. Another division of the stem cell is the embryonic stem cells that are obtained from a maturing embryo. The embryonic stem cells have great potential of treating degenerative diseases like diabetes, spinal cord injuries, Parkinson disease, and Alzheimer’s disease among others. ... erent Countries With regard to the burning controversies that surround the human embryonic stem cells research, many advanced countries have standing laws that either prohibit or condone the research, in order to protect the researchers from possible assaults and rejection within their societies. In that aspect, countries like China, Korea, Australia, UK and Switzerland made basic laws contemplated to encourage research in this field (Schechter, 2010). Meanwhile, other countries, including USA, had very strict legislations that stood to contradict the stem cell research, stands that have loosened with time. The USA portrays a good example of country that has undergone series of changes in legislations governing stem cell research within its borders. In1996, a bill named Dickey Amendment was endorsed into law by the Congress. The bill sought for prohibition of the DHHS and the NIH from sponsoring practices involving formation or deformation of human embryo for the sake of research. No twithstanding, Dickey Amendment failed to address the use of private money in funding the research process on stem cells. When a successful isolation of human embryonic stem cell was achieved in 1998, DHHS interpreted the bill in favor of federal funding on the stem cell research, but proposal faced opposition from the critics of embryonic stem cell research. Schechter (2010) reports that on assuming office in 2001, President George Bush provided that the federal funding would be availed for research on already created stem cell lines. Moreover, President Bush used the powers bestowed in his office to reject the amendments that required the government to remove strict restriction of federal funding on research activities involving stem cells. The year 2009 marked a historic turning point in

Competency to Stand Trial Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Competency to Stand Trial - Research Paper Example With the rise of felony arrest rates reported everywhere, the rate at which competency tests are sort for has increased as well. This scholarly paper will present an overview of competency laws and look at the need to have experts carrying out competency tests for the judicial systems. In the English common law, it was allowed lawfully for the arraignment, judgment, or execution of a person (capital offender) to be delayed (stayed) if the offender was or became completely insane (Hale, 1736, cited in Silten & Tulis, 1977, p. 1053). The law that is applied in the U.S was established during the case of Dusky v. United States in 1960. In the case of Dusky vs. the United States (1960), the Supreme Court ruled that it is not enough for the district judge to find that the defendant is oriented to time and place and has some recollection of events, but that the test must be whether he has sufficient present ability to consult with his lawyer with a reasonable degree of rational understanding -- and whether he has a rational as well as factual understanding of the proceedings against him.†(Steadman & Hartstone, 1983 p.402). The problem that is found in assessing and defining competency has led to a great number of interpretations of the Dusky case. Because the courts and legislatures have placed, the weight of doing this on mental health professional it is not a surprise that mental status issues have been played a major role in court proceedings. Research has shown that the presence of psychosis is not enough by itself to determine competency (Roesch & Golding, 1980). The background on competence has been extensively researched with some researchers and scholars arguing that competence has to be considered within the circumstance that it is to be used. This has been written extensively in a journal written by Golding and Roesch in 1988 where they write. â€Å"Mere presence of severe disturbance (a

Issues of Multiculturalism in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Issues of Multiculturalism in America - Essay Example The national frontiers develop more porous, cultural divergence between citizens has turned to be most important, whereas certain cultural diversities are changing, weakening for more or less a generation, some lingers through age. Prevailing interactions allow immigrants to retain associations in their communities of origin and environment, allowing cultural diversity a stable situation instead of just a fleeting situation within a nation. The situation of a nation in terms of multiculturalism, bring out important issues concerning the unity of the cultural establishments that strengthen their agreements regarding national social policy and the ability to intercede in the local results of global growth. In the study of the modern decades, it has been observed that several countries challenge to discover political accommodations, in the real sense of it, by way of multiculturalism rules. In response to these, it is disputed that by providing legality to cultural divergence, multicult uralism rules are deteriorating the national unities that lie beneath welfare state citizenship. The very essential compilation discovers cross-national qualified proof and country case studies dealing with these theories. The ever growing multiculturalism societies are, perhaps more an issue today that it was in the past. Some hypothetical explanations may be considered in the connection between multicul Pluralism/Multiculturalism 3 multiculturalism and citizenship in order to classify awareness of multiculturalism acceptably is a factor to a more detailed perception on welfare citizenship with regards to culture and its divergence. The nation is an image of culture and politics, united as they are, looking deeper on the acknowledgment of every member possessing a piece of history, terrain, and commonly language. The sentimental aspects of citizenship in terms sense of belongingness, loyalty, camaraderie, including the dim and the light segment of citizenship, obtain their value from this sense of mutual cultural identity. To those people who go against multiculturalism, scrutinizing it as an impediment to the accomplishment of a more reasonable and equal society; and those people who acknowledge the theoretical principles of multiculturalism and its endorsement throughout the social order. Between these two positions is a mixture of people, several of them either do not completely comprehend what multiculturalism is or the motivation as to why the country should be concerned about it; and those people who recognize that certain parts of multiculturalism should be established, while other mechanism have to be turned down. Issues branching from the cultural establishment of welfare state citizenship culture, develop in societies with people of culturally diverse language, religion and ethnic foundation. The culture, generally, motivates set of mutual appreciations, convictions, conduct of systems of manner that comprise a structure for the daily custom of people, and most often, it is categorized as a plan for living or the way things are done, and this is coped by experience in the path of daily life. Experienced from the outlines of culture and person's perception of ones

Options for Lords reform Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7000 words

Options for Lords reform - Essay Example this initiative there would be only a mere ninety-two hereditary Peers in the House of Lords and that too by election from within the large number of old Hereditary Lords. The House of Lords would then be dominated by appointed Peers and the hereditary Peers a mere rump of their size in days gone by. This situation would only last till the contemplated second phase of reforms of the House of Lords was finalised. It is this second phase of the reform of the House of Lords that becomes significant, for it means choosing from one of the many options that are present for the reform of the House of Lords. The Saxon Kings in the eleventh century consulted a council called the Witans on important issues. Religious leaders, magnates and ministers of the King attended the Witans. By the thirteenth century the attendance in these councils grew to include representatives of counties, cities and boroughs. However, in a true sense the House of Lords finds in origins in the fourteenth century, when these royal advisers were divided into commoners and lords. (History: How the Lords evolved). Shire and borough representatives were termed as commoners and made up the Commons, while the religious leaders termed Lords Spiritual and the magnates termed Lords Temporal came to be known as the Upper House. Thus two clearly distinct houses came into existence. By the fifteenth century the membership of Lords Temporal started becoming a male domain and hereditary by nature and the role of the monarch in the choice of the members diminishing, as they were summoned by writ. The term peers started being ap plied to the Lords Temporal and though equal there emerged five ranks namely Duke, Marquess, Earl, Viscount and Baron. The sixteenth century brought changes to the attendance of the Lords Spiritual in the House of Lords. Till 1539 when the suppression of the monasteries took place the Lords Spiritual were made up of bishops, abbots and priors. Subsequent to 1539 only bishops made up the

Waiting for Macedonia by Ilka Thiessen Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Waiting for Macedonia by Ilka Thiessen - Essay Example The author largely presents a positive side of women in Mercedonia, as compared to the view of women in Bosnia, who are presented as peasantry and solely being in the context of marriage (Thiessen, 16). Thiessen tries to challenge the scholars and academicians who have carried out substantial research, yet have ignored the role of women as leaders in bringing about the required change in Macedonia. On the other hand, the film â€Å"Bosnia: we are all neighbors† is the manifestation of the breakdown of the neighborly relationships that existed in Bosnia between the Muslim majority and the Catholics, mostly the Croats. The film, therefore, addresses the mistrust and betrayal developing on religious grounds during the war in Bosnia, leading neighbors to rise against each other with the minority Bosnian Muslims being evicted by the Christians in this specific village. ( Bringa, 1995). The ethnically mixed village in central Bosnia was torn away by war in 1993, and the Muslims’ houses are portrayed to be desolate as a handful of the Muslims return after the effects of the war have subsided. Eventually, the film emerged from a critical research, where Bringa conducted 15 months of field research in the region in 1980s (Bringa, 1995). One aspect evident after the war period is the complete change of lives of the entire Bosnian population. A previously coexisting community of mixed cultures was torn in the middle by the war, where friends became enemies; the war divided even families (Bringa, 1995). It was difficult to go to work, and schools remained closed with children being sent away from homes to areas where parents felt they could be much safer than at home. The film presents total family breakups, as the reality of the war dawns on Bosnian people; the quiet village now has occasional bursts of bombs and gunshots. Men spend most of their time chopping wood, while many women are scared and just wait helplessly to the unfolding dramas. Surprisingly, the people in this region are eager and uncertain of the peace plans; they watch news eagerly and earnestly with growing hope of peace plans (Bringa, 1995). This means people are yearning for their once quiet life. Men cannot gather more than three at any public pl ace; the former members of the Yugoslavian reserves have guns. The previously united and integrated Bosnia is now torn apart, and life is uncertain for as the reality of the war sinks deep. One aspect that contributes to formation of a unified Bosnian state made of different religious practices is the ideology of ‘brotherhood and unity’ and the ‘economic democracy myth’ (Admason and Jovic, 298). The intervention of the United Nations in managing the translation period in the Yugoslav states ensured majority inhabitants and authorities did not victimize the minorities, with all displaced persons being encouraged to return to their previous homes. Bringa (1995) illustrates the returning of the displaced people to be amidst heavy tensions where people were desperately trying to hold on the possibility of coexisting together despite the disturbing tensions and hatred that brewed during the war (Bringa, 1995).

The Complete Persepolis and The Sand Child Essay

The Complete Persepolis and The Sand Child - Essay Example In comparison to the first book of Tahar Ben Jelloun’s trilogy, The Sand Child, it talks about the story of a young girl, Zahra, who is raised as a man, Ahmed. As her father’s eagerness to have a son as his heir arises, it has been decided that the 8th kid will be a son. Zahra’s identity crisis emerges since her early years when the natural emotions of a girl come into surface. As she conceals her true identity in accordance to her father’s image, a tyrant figure, she becomes distorted as she realizes and enjoys the advantages of being a man but at the same time empathizes with the society’s cruelty to women – her true identity. This paper compares and contrasts the most important theme in the two novels – identity. In Search of Identity Marjane, being a daughter to liberal parents, grows up as someone who thinks outside the box. In the early part of the first book, The Story of a Childhood, she has conversations with an imaginary frie nd that looks like God and tells him that she would be the ‘last prophet.† She announces one day in school that she would be it but all laugh at her and her parents have been Last Name 3 summoned to discuss the incident. Her parents instantly defend her to her teachers. In this scene, it will be noticed that Marjane’s parents do not succumb to the Islamic doctrine, which gives a good background on Marjane’s character and defines their family as modern. ... As a result, she rebels on the deeply-rooted Islamic society and professes herself of being different. It is explained that she wears her veil sideways with her sneakers on, giving a punk image, which makes the Guardians of the Revolution question her. â€Å"The reason for my shame and for the Revolution is the same: the difference between social classes. (Persepolis, 33) In this quote, Marjane rebels on the idealism of her parent’s political stance and the reality of their social class. She realizes the class divisions at a very early age when she discovers that Mehri, her maid, cannot be with the man she in in love with due to their class difference. She feels a great deal of disagreement in herself from this fact, which affects makes her identity revolt from the class conflicts. Marjane’s life is a study of inconsistencies and contradictions. She is torn between her â€Å"avant garde† lifestyle and her family’s loyalty to their motherland and everythin g it entails. Her parents have been fighting for the poor for the longest time and yet they also have been holding on to their class distinction. She strongly defines herself as someone born in a religious heritage yet her family is secular. These contradictions during her coming of age make her feel a sense of disenfranchisement from the only land she knows. As the story progresses, Marjane finds her identity in the midst of all political chaos. As she continuously enjoys the privileges of her Last Name 4 family’s she finds herself in rebellion towards those fanatics of the current Shah regime. She hits her principal for trying to take her jewelry from her and proclaims the truth behind the lies her professor is professing to her

Impact of attitudes in the workplace Term Paper

Impact of attitudes in the workplace - Term Paper Example A healthy and positive attitude in the workplace is extremely important for the organisation to run successfully in the business market. All tasks should be delegated in a proper and clear way so that everyone achieves the tasks in the required manner by the organisation. The attitude of the employee and the managers should be positive. The employees should perform their job roles in the required manner and the manager should have a positive way of dealing with the employees so that the attitudes of the employee remains productive and is of mutual benefit to both the employee and the organisation (Appelbaum 2002). The way the employee have their attitudes at the workplace affects the success of the organisation. The productivity level of the organisation is affected by the behavior of the attitudes in the workplace. At times employees may not be aware of this fact that their attitude has a strong impact on the workplace as well as on other colleagues. The positive attitudes of the employees tend to result in the productivity levels being increased for the organisation and negative attitudes tend to have the vice versa effect. The managers have a huge responsibility of getting the required level work done by their subordinates and if the attitude of the employee is not positive then the manager may have to face problems in getting the work done effectively and efficiently. The element of attitude has its influence from various sources and it may have effects on the managers at the workplace. The attitudes of the employees at work may not be influenced by just the pay scale. Their designation at workplace also affects their behavior at work. There are internal influences as well as external influences for the behavior and attitudes of the employees at workplace. The internal influences that affect attitude may be the

Victorian Period Literature Essay Example for Free

Victorian Period Literature Essay The Victorian spirit, and 4 representative poems (50 pts.) The Victorian spirit is the change from the idleness of the admiration of natural things to the movement and excitement of innovation and change itself. It has turned from the love makes the world go round ideal of the Romantics to a tell it like it is attitude. While the Victorian spirit moves to new explorations and energies from what was traditional submission by women, dominance of men, and the focus on reaching an Ideal World through the beauty of nature it maintains many aspects of the Romantic period that it is trying to escape. C. Rossettis No, Thank You, John In Rossettis No, Thank You, John, the speaker is a woman who is refusing the advances of a man John. The woman has a mind of her own, and she does not need a man in her life. She does not conform to the traditional role of a woman, which includes servitude and subordination. The woman is not afraid to express her true feelings to John here, where in a previous time, a woman would have jumped at the chance to be some guys trophy. The woman in this poem portrays the Victorian characteristic of exploration in a sense. She is exploring life as a single woman instead of sacrificing herself and giving in to a man that she cares very little about. A. C. Swinburnes A Forsaken Garden In Swinburnes A Forsaken Garden, we see a reference of the Romantic past linked with the Victorian present. The garden was once filled with beautiful flowers, bushes, trees, and lovers who sat in the garden to admire all of the beauty. Just as the garden was filled with these things, so was the poetry of the Romantics. Since the Victorian spirit is about laboring and being on the go, one has had neither the time nor the desire to care for the garden. As a result, the garden has become a ground filled with weeds, thorns, and withered, dying, and dead flora. Just as the Romantic period and all of its ideals were at this time, Love was dead (line 48). O. Wildes Impression du Matin Wildes Impression du Matin somewhat describes the transition from the Romantic period to the Victorian period and the grand contrast between the two periods. The first eight lines describe a landscape, as do many of the Romantic poems. Just like the Victorians were anxious to change the pattern that the Romantics had set, this poem shifts its focus from the beauty of the land to the hustle and bustle that is the Victorian spirit, fueled by the Industrial Revolution. O. Wildes The Harlots House Wildes The Harlots House can be related to John Ruskins The Stones of Venice. Ruskin talks about people becoming tools in the Industrial Revolution, performing the same monotonous tasks over and over again so that the process is almost mechanical. In The Harlots House, the people have become tools not of industrialism, but of artistry. They dance because the music is playing, and their movements seem to be controlled by some stronghold instead of being free and from the heart. The energy characteristic of the Victorian period and the Victorian spirit are lost inside the house. The lover of the speaker even loses her own energy while listening to the music and watching the people inside the house. At the same time, she goes inside the house to fulfill the Victorian characteristic of exploration she is going to explore and participate in something new and different. Brownings dramatic monologues and their ironic discrepancy (30 pts.) In Andrea del Sarto, Andrea attempts to paint the picture that he is one of the worlds greatest artists with a wonderful, beautiful, loving wife. Dose of reality: his work is only mediocre, his marriage fell apart a while ago, and his wife is cheating on him, which he is aware of and seems to be okay with. Andrea believes that his work would be even greater if he was a single man (lines 135-136). He comes to realize that he will never be the great artist that he claims to be, but that will not stop him from striving to beall that he can be (lines 97-98). Andrea is somewhat indecisive. He asks himself what good is having a woman around if his work suffers because of it, but he is glad to have his wife (line 176) and would do almost anything to keep her around (lines 222-223). Either he wants to get rid of her in order to become, in his mind, a better artist, or he wants to keep her around and work out their marital differences. The latter probably would not happen since Lucrezia already has another lover. She is bored with Andrea because he cant seem to stop talking about art and because their relationship is both emotionally and physically sterile. For some reason, Andrea just doesnt get it, and he continues to wonder why Lucrezia goes to her lover instead of staying with him (lines 242-243). Finally he lets her be free to go with her lover and at the same time he lets go of his obsession with her (capitalization of Love, line 267). In Fra Lippo Lippi, the illusion is that Lippo is spiritual in the tradition of the monastery he believes in and acts according to everything that he was taught by the monks. Lippos reality is that he wants to fully enjoy life, and one cannot truly be spiritual without embracing physical beauty and pleasure. Lippo does what he does not believe is complete so that the monks will be happy (lines 242-244). This upsets him and leads him to do things out of spite that go against the teachings that he has received from the monks (lines 252-254). Lippo sees himself more as an artist than a monk, and since God gave us bodies to house our souls (lines 265-269), the body has to be portrayed in art so that the soul can be seen in its fullness. We were given bodies for physical satisfaction; if no one finds the physical attractive, then no one will want to know what the soul is like. Encasing the spiritual soul in the physical body is how life and God are fully experienced (lines 300-306). In The Bishop Orders His Tomb, the Bishop does not believe that he has lived as he should. He has not done his work as a clergyman to be active in making meaningful differences in peoples lives although his devotion seems to be to the church. While the Bishops illusion is one of humility, humbleness, and faithfulness, his reality is very secular materialism, vanity, and sexuality. He has an unhealthy obsessive desire to beat or  out-do his old rival Gandolf, even in death. His concern is with his material possessions in both life and death being better than Gandolfs in life and death, as if this will make him a better person somehow. The Bishop is also either incredibly indecisive or very confused. He doesnt even know what he wants his tomb to be made out of. He changes his mind from rosy peach marble (lines 29-30), to lapis lazuli (lines 42-44), to black basalt (lines 53-54), to jasper (lines 68-72), and back to lapis (line 102). He also asks himself the question Do I live, am I dead? a few times, which could be a reference to a spiritual death. The Bishops sexual nature comes through when instead of wishing for his sons to be monogamous with God-fearing women who have inner and outer beauty, his concern is on the physical (line 75). Even the holy image of the Madonna is not safe from the Bishops corrupted mind. In describing how blue the lapis lazuli should be for his tomb, he does not compare it to eye color or the color of an article of clothing. Instead he says that the lapis should be Blue as a vein oer the Madonnas breast (line 75). Review: Rudyard Kiplings Without Benefit of Clergy (10 pts.) Kiplings Without Benefit of Clergy is the story of two lovers, an Englishman and an Indian woman. Interracial relationships of this type were practically unheard of during this time period, which is why John Holden and Ameera were never married. This story is a wonderful one of love, shown by the relationship between Holden and Ameera and the relationship that the two of them have with their son Tota tragedy, exhibited by the sudden deaths of Tota and Ameera and greed, displayed by Ameeras mother, who seemed to care more about the benefits of her daughters relationship with a white man than she cared about her daughter. Throughout the story, Holden shows his emotions reluctantly unless he is speaking lovingly to Ameera. It is interestingly beautiful how he calls her his queen and she calls him her king, and they call each other life of my life. The words themselves are beautiful in any relationship, but it is interesting because at one point Holden wished for the death of Ameera, their type of relationship was practically seen as a disgrace anyway, andHolden seemed to be somewhat ashamed of his relationship with Ameera when he was away from her. He never spoke of her while in the presence of other Englishmen, he never mentions or defends his relationship when those Englishmen say that he is lucky to be a bachelor and not have the burden of a wife, and he never mentions his son. It took Holden a while to get used to the idea of having and loving a son. It was with that same type of reluctance that he grieved for Tota when the boy died. It seemed as if he did not want to allow Ameera to grieve in her own way for her son. He was correct in his attempts to keep her from blaming herself for Totas death, but how on earth could anyone, especially the love of her life, tell a grieving mother to let it go? Only when Ameera dies does Holden express his emotions openly and immediately. He even chastises Ameeras mother in his grief. He now realizes how difficult it is to just let it go when you have lost someone that you love so much. Ameera was full of emotion throughout the story. At the same time she was very submissive, as probably was the culture in India at the time. Even in grieving for her son, she did not try to feel better until she knew that Holden had become more content. Because she was an Indian woman in love with an Englishman, she felt the need to seek reassurance about his love for her almost constantly at least, until their son was born. Then, Ameera knew that she and Holden shared a bond that could never be broken because she had given him something that her English counterparts could never give him his firstborn son. I think that Ameera was very dependent on Holden. While it may appear that she called Holden my life in a loving and endearing way, under the surface it is almost as if she seems to say that she cannot exist without his love and his physical presence. When Holden tries to send Ameera away, out of the path of the black cholera, that is when she grows a little bit of a backbone. She reminds him that he is not her husband, and he cannot tell her what to do. Almost as suddenly as she exhibited her temporary independence did her insecurity about Holden and the English women return. Only on her deathbed does she accept the possibility of Holden marrying a white woman, and she declares that he is the only God in her life. Nonsense Poetry (10 pts.) A Limerick There was a Young Lady of class Who created a stair made of glass, Then formed a connection With her own reflection In that little stair made of glass. Another Limerick There once was a village idiot Who liked to touch womens ends a bit. He pinched the wrong booty, Then came Big Rudy, And no more is the village idiot! The Stag and the Doe The stag and his doe went all through the forest Frolicking happily with glee, When the stag got a whirl to say to his girl, Id love it if youd marry me. The doe, with bright eyes, said, Id be much obliged to become your faithful and loving wife. With that they didnt tarry and soon went to marry and begin a family life. Its honeymoon time for the newlyweds now, and they are both filled with great joy. But now the stag cries, for to his surprise, His doe is not a girl, but a boy. Extra Credit (up to 5 pts.) I enjoyed the Victorian period texts. The vast majority of them were very long, but it helped me to be more devoted to the reading. The Victorian period seemed to be a very artistic time for both literary art and paintings/drawings. It seemed to me that there was a central theme that drove most of the conflicts in the Victorian literature remnants of the Romantic period. The Romantic period, for the most part, discussed spirituality as a result of a love for and an understanding of nature. The period attempted to instruct people on how to obtain and fully experience spirituality without very much physicality so that the Ideal World could be reached. In the Victorian period, the body and the spirit are one. In order to truly experience one, you have to fulfill the other. The Victorians mostly concentrated on their work and creations, not ideal escapes.

Show How Shakespeare Uses The Supernatural To Develop Macbeths Character Essay Example for Free

Show How Shakespeare Uses The Supernatural To Develop Macbeths Character Essay Shakespeare has written five tragedies, and Macbeth was his shortest. It was written between the years 1603-1606 during Elizabethan/Jacobean times which was when James I came to the throne. It was written and performed to James I as he was already James IV/V of Scotland and reputedly a descendant of Banquo; it is widely accepted that there is an element of truth in the story. At these times there was a strong belief in the supernatural and the fact that the devil was real and could come before anyone or send sub-devils instead, in the case of Macbeth it was the witches. This belief and use of dark magic in the play helps to show us key aspects of Macbeths development throughout the play. Before Macbeth even meets the witches in act 1 scene 3, we see how capable of evil they are, Weary sennights nine times nine shall he dwindle, peak and pine. They sent a storm upon a man and his whole crew when they were at sea, just because his wife refused to share her chestnuts with one of the, the witches are capable of trickery and dont tell the whole truth. When Macbeth enters the scene, he is with Banquo and they have just won in battle; we see that Macbeth is proud of victory because he didnt care that the weather is so bad So foul and fair a day I have not seen. Banquo realises that the witches are supernatural beings from the first moment and is wearier to trust them than Macbeth, What are these that do not look like thinhabitants of o th earth. Macbeth realises that this must mean they do have powers of some sort and must be able to see the future. He hears the idea of him being Thane of Cawdor and then King, and he is inclined to believe them because they knew he was Thane of Glamis. He is very easily persuaded and you can tell that the idea of being king was planted quite firmly into his mind You greet with present grace and great prediction of noble having, and royal hope. He is open to suggestion and is deeply affected. Upon hearing the prophecy, Macbeth questions the witches further, eager for more news, Speak then to me, who neither beg nor fear your favours nor your hate. Hence the three witches move on to making a prophecy for Banquo, Lesser than Macbeth, and greater Banquo and Macbeth hail all. The witches have begun to play mind games with both Macbeth and Banquo because they are seemingly not making sense. After this, Macbeth begins to question the witches because it contradicts the prophecy made about him, how can Banquo father kings of he isnt one himself? Speak I charge you! but the witches vanish, leaving confusion and soon to be murder in their wake. Macbeth soon dismisses his doubts however, as the idea of so much power is so appealing to him and the suggestions of the prophecy stay with both of the men long after the witches have left Macbeth says: Your children shall be kings, and Banquo replies: You shall be king. After having heard Banquo say this, Macbeth is now certain upon which path to take. Macbeth was a proud and loyal soldier who was fond of King Duncan up until this point. Everyone did bear thy praises in his great defence, and when the messengers go on to tell him he has become thane of Cawdor, he interprets this coincidence as a supernatural confirmation. He adopts the frame of mind two down, one to go and expects more greatness to come his way, Glamis, and thane of Cawdor. The greatest is behind. In the asides he thinks of further ways to become king. He weighs up the good and evil represented by the witches prophecy because he has realised Banquo is afraid he might do something bad or scary this supernatural soliciting cannot be ill, cannot be good. The good point that came from this was that he became Thane of Cawdor but the evil over powers him and he finds himself considering murdering Duncan for the first time, Why do I yield to that suggestion whose horrid image doth unfix my hair. This new idea that is planted in Macbeths head is not the witches doing this time, but the creation of his own self. He has not however had murderous thoughts towards Banquo yet, presuming that he is thinking the same and wants to share this gruesome experience, Think upon what hath chancd, and at more time let us speak our free hearts each to other. The famous dagger scene (act two scene one) reveals a lot about Macbeths character and also how much he has changed due to his supernatural experiences. Before Banquo departs from Macbeth he makes it clear that he remains unaffected by the prophecy even though he has had the same experience of the supernatural as Macbeth, yet he has still managed to resist evil; But I still keep my boson franchised and allegiance clear. This suits Macbeth very well because he wanted to change the subject, I think not of them, whilst in fact he is, and didnt want Banquo to have these thoughts on his mind while the murder is being committed. Soon after the departure of Banquo, Macbeth experiences a second supernatural event, Is this a dagger I see before me? The dagger seems to be a product of Macbeths own imagination or else he may be supernaturally bewitched. He sees the dagger and wants to grab it, seeing it as signalling him towards what he is about to do, and his wanting to clutch it shows how willing he is to commit murder. Come let me clutch thee, I have thee not yet I see thee still. He becomes very open to suggestion and blames his fevered state on the sin he is about to carry out, Art thou not, fatal vision, sensible. He begins to doubt his perception of the dagger but he still tries to touch it and when he cannot, yet still can see it before him, he interprets the meaning for himself, Thou marshalst me the way I was going. Macbeth was longing for approval, and he imagines the dagger point towards Duncans room, a sign he has indeed set on the right path. He repeatedly mentions the fact that he cannot touch the dagger but he can still see it, thus it must be real. Mine eyes are made the fools o the other senses. He suddenly sees the apparition of the dagger in a different way, And on thy blade and dudgeon gouts of blood. Giving the impression it has been used already. It is the beginning of a very dark and powerful supernatural passage. The witches have enabled him to find a murderous streak within his own nature. At first he would never have considered murder or treachery and now hes ready to kill King Duncan in order to get to the throne. It is the middle of the night and the time is right for murder, Now oer one half world nature seems dead and wicked dreams abuse. Everything seems still and dead and spells are best cast during this time when supernatural thingas happen. It is a full moon (A.K.A witches moon in this era) and Macbeth takes it as another sign, he summons the supernatural power of witchcrafts to give himself strength and asks Hecate to grant mortals their hearts desires Witchcraft celebrates pale Hecates offerings. He hears a wolf howl and he feels that the coast is clear for murder, the wolf acts like a night watchman, Whose howls his watch. As he gets ready to set off for the murder, he longs for secrecy to hide the actions he is about to commit because he knows he is forcing the prophecy to come true by unnatural and evil means Moves like a ghost Macbeth realises he is talking and not acting he doesnt want to talk himself out of the murder because he knows at heart that he has changed so much due to this wicked prophecy. But the dagger encourages him onwards, Words to the heat of deeds too cold breath gives. He hears a bell as his last and final signal but it is like a death bell for Duncan and Macbeth doesnt care if Duncan goes to heaven or to hell, he just needs him out of the way, The bell invites me that summons thee to heaven or hell. In conclusion it could be said that Macbeths character has developed and changed dramatically through the course of the play. The supernatural encounters that he experienced show us complex aspects of Macbeths character and how he went from loyal and fond of King Duncan to murderous and a liar. Macbeth ended up dieing due to his arrogance and high ambitions and Shakespeare uses this theme to say that a small idea that gets planted into your mind can grow into something big and dangerous.

Alternative Tourism And Ecotourism

Alternative Tourism And Ecotourism The critical climatic conditions and the disappearance of endangered species in the worlds ecosystems is the concern of all, and affect our everyday lives, businesses and industries. The tourism industry is not spared, having adversely and greatly contributed to the destruction of micro-ecosystems and biodiversities over decades through Mass Tourism. Nonetheless, governments, tourism-planners and international organisations are now investing into alternative forms of tourism in order to counter the still ongoing damages of Mass Tourism. The goal is to consume differently and to sensitise tourists about sustainable practices, not only during their holidays, but to implement it in their very thinking and everyday life. This paper combines the material of four different papers, based on Alternative Tourism and Ecotourism respectively. They describe the principles of each and the features required for its successful fulfillment. Introduction Lifestyles and consumer behaviour have been known to evolve and adapt to changes in global needs and the availability of resources in the world all throughout history. As such, it is not surprising that the increase in awareness, concerning the precarious environmental, social and economic situation of todays world, is leading to new trends and behaviour in the way people live and consume. Likewise, the tourism industry has been undergoing a similar transformation since at least the past two decades with the advent of Alternative Tourism. This form of tourism has been introduced since the early nineties and has began to grow in magnitude as from the 1980s. It is considered as a sustainable alternative to counter the adverse effects and low-level authentic experiences provided by the so-called Mass Tourism. The latter has boomed dramatically with the technological advance of transport facilities (air, sea and land) and the open-sky agreements between countries worldwide, amongst various other factors. Inspite of the huge, fast economic gains of Mass Tourism, it has been found to be severely disastrous on the environment and the socio-cultural aspects of host countries and communities, respectively. In contrast, Alternative Tourism has responded in retaliation into the clean or sustainable form of tourism, which takes into account, the impacts of tourism on nature, society (for both the host community and travelers), culture and economy. Here, locals are also directly involved in the making of the tourism product and are often the financial beneficiaries. The umbrella of Alternative tourism covers a vast range of tourist activities such as rural, adventure, cultural and historical, heritage, sports (such as hiking, mountaineering, caving, diving, and so on), ecotourism and any other forms of tourism that is not Mass Tourism, as long as it does not impact adversely on the host country. Ecotourism has emerged since the 1960s and is popular amongst nature and culture lovers. It fits perfectly the concept of Alternative tourism and is considered as the fastest-growing form of sustainable tourism, according to the UNWTO (2003). Hetzer (1965) described the characteristics of ecotourism as: minimizing environmental impacts, respecting host cultures, maximizing benefits to local people and maximizing tourist satisfaction. Literature Review Alternative Tourism is a process which promotes a just form of travel between members of different communities. It seeks to achieve mutual understanding, solidarity and equality amongst participants. (Holden, 1984, p.15: cited in Smith Eadington, 1992. P.18) McIntyre (1993, p.11) defines Sustainable Tourism as a model form of economic development that is designed to improve the quality of life of the host community, and provide a high quality of experience for the visitor. Moreover, to maintain the quality of the environment on which both the host community and the visitor depend. He also states that it seeks decision-making among all segments of the society, including local populations, so that tourism and other resource users can coexist. Firstly, Alternative Tourism does not damage the environment, is ecologically sound, and avoids the negative impacts of many large-scale tourism developments undertaken in areas which have not previously been developed. Secondly, it is thought to consist of smaller scale developments, or attractions for tourists which are set in villages or communities and organised by them. These are seen as having fewer negative effects social or cultural and a better chance of being acceptable to the local people than mass tourism. Thirdly, there is the question of who benefits. Certain kinds of tourism are called alternative because they are not exploitative of the local people, because the benefits flow to local residents, or in general to poorer communities. Also known as Soft Tourism, Sustainable tourism denotes a mutual understanding between the local population and their guests, which does not endanger the cultural identity of the host region and which endeavours to take care of the environment as best as possible. Soft tourists give priority to using infrastructures destined for the local population, use the same accommodation and transport facilities as the natives and do not accept substantial tourist facilities harmful to the environment (Smith Eadington, 1992). Further, as they want to get more information before and during their holiday, it may actively try to encourage a respect for the cultural realities encountered by the tourists through education and organized encounters (de Kadt, 1990). Alternative Tourism, also brings about constraints. For a variety of reasons, alternative tourism in developing countries has been much more limited and less successful than Mass Tourism. The alternative projects in the Third World are frequently handicapped by the cost of international travel in the first place and poor local connections within destinations in the second. Language barrier, differences in culture and standards of living between hosts and guests tend to hinder communication and understanding (Smith Eadington, 1992). Some of the implications of alternative tourism need to be examined more closely. These include the reduction in numbers of tourists, the change in type of tourist, the education of all parties involved, and the impacts resulting from a new set of activities. Reducing numbers of tourists has two aspects, reducing numbers in areas where numbers are currently too great, and limiting potential visitors to levels compatible with capacity parameters. It is extremely difficult to reduce numbers in a free market situation without prejudicing the viability of the industry. Revenues can be expected to decline (unless massive market replacement occurs at the same time), which can result in loss of employment and reduction in local standard of living (Butler, 1990). Also, soft tourists may not only represent a not large enough market, but may also not be a repeat market. While mass tourists are for the most part sedentary and spend their money in a limited number of locations, much of the expenditure of the alternative tourists may be pre-spent on packages or spent in small amounts in a wide variety of locations (Butler, 1990). Furthermore, educating people is an alternative that is hard for Butler (1990) to reject, but it is a mammoth and long term project. He states that most people would probably accept the wisdom of the concept of sustainable development and developing suitable and low-impacting forms of tourism, but short-term reality dictates that the window of opportunity is often limited and time-scales of most entrepreneurs are short. Those of a tourist spending a week on a beach are even shorter. It is not realistic, even if naively optimistic, to expect a tourist wishing to lie on a beach in the Caribbean to be too interested in the impact he or she may have on the social fabric of the island visited, especially when they may not wish to associate with local residents or move out of the hotel complex. However, Alternative Tourism help cleaning physical surroundings, protecting environments and often the distinctive cultural patterns of local communities. It can be a significant factor in conserving the environment. Moreover, it also helps to conserve an areas cultural heritage. Archaeological and historical places, distinctive architectural styles, local dance, music, drama, ceremonies, arts and crafts, dress, customs and value systems all comprise the culture of an area (McIntyre, 1993). He emphasises on the fact that Alternative Tourism raises awareness concerning the impacts of tourism on the natural, cultural, and human environments. It ensures a fair distribution of benefits and costs. It incorporates planning and zoning which ensure tourism development appropriate to the carrying capacity of the ecosystem. It monitors, assesses and manages the impacts of tourism, develops reliable methods of environmental accountability, and counters any negative effect. Furthermore, nature tourism encourages productive use of lands which are marginal for agriculture, enabling large tracts to remain covered in natural vegetation. Cultural tourism enhances local community esteem and provides the opportunity for greater understanding and communication among peoples of diverse backgrounds. Environmentally sustainable tourism demonstrates the importance of natural and cultural resources to a communitys economic and social well being and can help to preserve them. As opposed to Mass Tourism development, which is predominated by multinationals and tends to be unplanned and uncontrolled, taking up the most scenic regions and altering them beyond repair, Alternative Tourism requires extensive initial planning with greater reliance on local labour, and local sources of capital in line with locally promulgated regulations. Tourism assumes a complementary industrial role emphasizing the importance to continuing traditional lifestyle patterns. Existing resources (e.g., buildings) are used and renovated when necessary rather than relying on new construction. Features of Alternative Tourism Also known as Sustainable Tourism, Alternative Tourism adheres to the triple bottom-line of sustainability, that is to develop and progress without depleting environmental, socio-cultural and economic resources for future generations. In other words, these resources must be used, preserved and managed in such a way as to move forward, while keeping in mind the Native American proverb: we do not inherit the world from our ancestors, we are borrowing it from our children. Tourism can be environmentally feasible, as opposed to the pre-conceived idea exhibited by Mass Tourism during the past decades. It is not all about deforestation, land and water pollution or chains of gigantic resorts all over the place. Sea, Sun and Sand Tourism, a major form of Mass Tourism, has caused its own death by saturating the most popular and splendid coastal spots with hotel resorts, hence permanently disfiguring these locations physically, depleting and polluting its resources and attributes respectively. This has led to an increase in awareness amongst host communities and potential tourists alike, and hence emerged forms of tourism that aimed at enjoying a destination while minimizing alterations to nature and monitoring the impacts of visits at the same time. First of all, environmentally sustainable tourism businesses would take into account the characteristics of a location at the Planning Stage of a project. This is usually part of the EIA (Environmental Impact Assessment). The fauna and flora would be meticulously studied and limited changes (or none at all) would be permitted, so that micro-ecosystems would be able to survive and cohabit along with the implementation of the project. This way, endangered species (both plants and animals) would still retain their habitat and the environment would be altered in the smallest possible way. Furthermore, the project should not be physically alienating to its surroundings, that is, it should be able to blend in and not be an eyesore. For instance, a state of the art hotel in a remote, under-developed village would be totally inappropriate, even if it respected environmental norms. In the same breath, operating sustainable tourism commerce implies minimizing damages done to the environment through energy and waste management. As far as possible, sustainable forms of energy must be used, and energy-consumption must remain reasonable. Waste water management is a must, and recycling must be practised as far as possible, for ethical disposal of both solid and liquid waste. However, not all businesses are able to afford the above measures, especially, since the number of green-tourists is usually quite limited. This is where the concept of Carrying Capacity comes into effect. The physical carrying capacity of a destination or site, is the maximum number of visitors that it can contain at a particular time. In order to avoid permanent environmental changes and abuse, the number of visitors and the duration of their stay must be under strict control. This is also known as the limits of acceptable change and does not require much financial investment to be accomplished. In addition, Mass Tourism brought along westernisation, the alienation of ethnic and local cultures and commodification throughout the years. Their consequences can be seen today, especially amongst the younger generations in destinations that have suffered Mass Tourism for several generations. The youth have often copied the beliefs and lifestyles so as to resemble those of foreigners, deeming western culture to be superior, and thus resulting in the loss of local cultural heritage and long-standing ancestral traditions. This is due to the fact that cultural exchange between tourists and locals has not been equitable, even though it is usually not in the intention of visitors to have such an impact on local beliefs and traditions. In order to counter this, tourists need to be educated on how to interact, behave and limit the exposure of their cultural identity, with respect to that of the host community. Accordingly, commodification, which is the act of viewing local cultural, historical or religious identity merely as a tourism product, is yet another drawback of mass tourism. Places of worship or of sacred religious importance were being assaulted with camera flashes by hordes of tourists, who were not even aware of the appropriate dress codes and behaviour to be adopted on such sites. Thanks to sustainable tourism and the responsibility of tour operators towards the education of tourists, rules and guidelines have since then been forwarded so as to minimize the impact of loss of cultural identity. Indeed, it is now the tourist that adapts to the culture of locals during visits to sites of religious and cultural importance, thus resulting in a more authentic cultural exchange and experience. Thirdly, the most immediate aspect of Alternative Tourism in a destination is the economic gains to the local community. Despite the fact that large-scale tourism generates astronomical amounts to tourism-related businesses and organisations, the majority of locals do not benefit from these profits first-handedly. In some cases, such as in franchise businesses, most of the profit goes back to the source-organisation, with local employees being paid with low salaries and slim chance of career advancement. On a different level, the concept sustainability implies that one should make reasonable use of its available resources, in such a way as to progress, while benefiting to its environment and stakeholders. This largely goes against conventional tourism, whereby most of the resources required to make the tourism product happen comes from elsewhere, whether in terms of raw materials, expertise and partially labour. It is therefore natural that economic rewards go abroad as well. On the other side, Alternative Tourism encourages entrepreneurship in all forms, from hospitality, entertainment and craftsmanship of locals. They are often offered trainings, participate in empowerment programmes and sometimes even subsided by the state to put their projects into motion. Nevertheless, financial gains, which is not comparable to that of Mass Tourism goes directly to those local entrepreneurs and the money is usually spent within the country, hence improving income distribution, increasing standard of living and indirectly contributing to the national GDP. The Emergence of Ecotourism Being one of the most popular segments of Alternative Tourism, Ecotourism is reaching a peak and gaining educational, sustainable and economic importance within the tourism industry, being one of its fastest growing sectors (UNWTO, 2003), grossing over $335 billion a year. In todays world, it plays a crucial role in the conservation of nature, in educating tourists about sustainable environmental practices and in benefiting local people. Ecotourism products consist of attractions, tours and accommodation, where each component is marketed and sold separately, but may be combined into packages as well. It is a form of tourism that targets a wide range of tourists, who are willing to experience a get-away holiday from the stress and monotony of everyday life. Its influence lies in the fact that unlike other forms of tourism, it is diverse enough to attract tourists of different age groups, budgets, interests and occupations. However, ecotourism poses a threat to its own existence and operations. Since the tourism product is settled within the type of ecosystem or environment that it promotes, there needs to be careful planning and management. Else, its activities may harm, deplete or alter the fragile and pristine biodiversities that it relies on for sustenance. Limits of acceptable change regarding social, cultural and environmental must be closely monitored in order to minimize impacts. Ecotourism projects are usually of small-scale and low-impacting; waste output is minimized and recycled as far as possible, so as to cause the minimum intrusion and alterations to the surrounding ecosystem. Biodegradable products are favoured over chemical detergents or products toxic or unhealthy for the environment. Clean and renewable energy forms, such as solar or photovoltaic panels, are popular energy sources in the most sophisticated eco-lodges as well as the use of fossil fuels are avoided. Further, infrastructures are designed to be harmonious with the environment in which it is situated. The actors involved in creating the ecotourism product include businesses, scientists, government agencies, non-governmental organisations and local or native communities. The active participation of guests or tourists, is essential for the product to be complete. It is interesting how this tends to foster collaboration and better understanding between the different contributors to ecotourism, hence encouraging local entrepreneurship and strengthening local identity. Emphasis must be stressed upon the preparation and education of ecotourists, before, during and after their holiday trip. This implies that guides and tour operators play a major role in consolidating the ecotourism product. They are responsible to instruct tourists about acceptable behaviour during their stay or trips, sensitize them to be environmentally-friendly and raise their awareness towards the need for sustainability, not only during their holidays, but also in their thinking and everyday lives. Furthermore, their duties include instructing guests about the modes and limits of communication with respect to surrounding local or native culture. Ecotourism has the goal of improving and contributing to the well-being of these people, without altering their beliefs, culture or traditions, but promoting them while empowering their identity and pride. Additionally, ecotourism projects often help natives and local communities to rehabilitate endangered species or animals and plants alike, reinstate their natural habitat and raise-awareness about them. Ecotourists are educated about the importance and relevance of such projects, if not encouraged to actively participate themselves. The profit accumulated through ecotourism is usually re-injected into ecological projects and also to upheave the standard of living of locals and their everyday situation. In the case of culturally sensible communities, such as natives, this is expended differently, in terms of medication and the protection, as well as conservation of their lands and culture. Conclusion and Discussion Alternative Tourism and Ecotourism have both been operating in a moderately successful manner in Mauritius during the past decade and is continuously gaining in popularity, both among locals and tourists alike. Indigenous plants and species are being rehabilitated and their habitat sustained, although there have been some negligence on the part of some stakeholders. The Blue Bay Marine park had been flourishing in the beginning years, but the project is now undergoing a decline due to illegal fishing and the carrying capacity of human interactions exceeded through visits, snorkelling and deep-sea diving. It is however not too late to reverse the situation and additional efforts need to be input from all stakeholders. On the bright side, small surrounding islands such as lIle Plate and lIle aux Aigrettes have known successful rehabilitation of their micro-biodiversities and human intervention is being closely monitored by environmental organisations. Fortunately, Mauritius has the resources and potential to further promote Ecotourism and other forms of Alternative Tourism, such as hiking, outdoor tourism and mountaineering. Additional resources must be made available to qualified people and organisations to implement and diversify the Alternative Tourism projects possible on the island. Emphasis should be put on consistency and regular evaluation, to cater for weaknesses. The objectives of sustainability however do not limit themselves to tourism and the whole Mauritian community must be sensitised for better environmental-friendly attitudes, which requires advocacy, education and a change of behaviour, which is a long-term and never-ending process, to protect, save and respect what remains of our nature and resources.

Nineteenth Century Europe: Autonomy and Responsibility Essay -- Essays

Nineteenth Century Europe: Autonomy and Responsibility In the nineteenth century, many changes were occurring throughout Europe. Many of these changes focused on the individual, which was an important aspect of European society. However, many changes also focused on the individuals responsibility to the nation. During this time, many individuals demonstrated their right to self-government through political systems such as liberalism, while also showing their loyalty to the nation through movements of nationalism and imperialism. During the time when Europeans became focused on the self, rather than society as a whole, liberals began to surface. Liberals promoted a limited government and desired to protect the rights of the individual. Liberalism was an autonomous political system, meaning the people believed they had the right or power of self-government. Liberals favored equality before the law for all citizens, religious toleration, and freedom of the press.1 During this period it was more important that the rights and duties of the people were acknowledged by the government, rather than the government focusing solely on gaining money and power. Many advancements were made during the nineteenth century that improved the self governing system that Europe desired. The Second Industrial Revolution occurred during which the agricultural and industrial world developed, improving the standard of living. Many Europeans began migrating to cities with the hopes of finding better jobs and better lives. The standard of living greatly improved and the autonomous system of liberalism prospered. As more and more individuals began focusing on their rights and duties as individuals, they also began focusing on their res... ...Western Civilization, 168. 6 War and Civilizationà ® in Rogers, Aspects of Western Civilization, 180. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Bibliography Smith, Helmut Walser. German Nationalism and Religious Conflict: Culture, Ideology, Politics, 1870-1914. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1995. This book explores the relationship between religion and the national identity of Germany. In particular it touches on the conflict between Protestants and Catholics as Germany strove to create its own liberal identity. Smith also provides an analysis of the social, cultural, and political dimensions of German life. Finally, Smith explores the role of political Protestantism and the nature of the national identity in Germany today.

Televisions Positive Effects On Society Essay -- essays research paper

Television's Positive Effects on Society   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to Marie Winn and her essay â€Å"The Plug-In Drug,† television has various negative effects on our society today. In her essay Winn explores the ways in which television has harmfully caused disruptions with the quality of family life, rituals, and values. She recognizes there is a problem with our society and the way in which it is consistently influenced by television. I am able to agree with Winn on this point, but I do not feel that the totality of the influence is negative. Television today has a lot of positive effects and influences on our society and our American culture. Television gives us helpful information, various forms of education, and entertainment which are all a part of the positive effects that television has on our society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On a day to day basis, the television keeps us informed with plenty of helpful information. We are informed through the television of the latest news, weather, and information which are important in our daily lives. The television often acts as an almanac, dictionary, and an eye into the world around us. It informs us of the most recent happenings around the world within seconds. Such as the O.J. Simpson trial, the Oklahoma City bombing, and the wars taking place in the Middle East. Through TV we can be warned about almost anything from a hurricane approaching to the fact that the stock market is falling. Th...

Environmental Protection Must Be Our Top Priority :: Environment Earth Nature, pesticides, pollution

A few years ago, Time magazine published a special issue entitled "The Century's Greatest Minds." It was the fourth in a Time series on the 100 most influential people of the century, this particular issue focusing on "Scientists and Thinkers." On the cover, Albert Einstein is pictured on a psychiatrist's couch, hands crossed over his chest, a depressed look cloaking his face. Dr. Sigmund Freud, seated in a chair near the couch, pen and pad in hand, is leaning in toward Einstein, excitedly waiting to perform some bit of psychoanalysis on the saddened scientist. A framed picture of Jonas Salk rests on the side table; a portrait of John Maynard Keynes hangs from a nail in the wall. In the background, resting atop a bookshelf, is a stone bust of Rachel Carson, author of Silent Spring. She finds herself in quite excellent company not only on the cover, but in the interior of the magazine as well. Carson was the only environmentalist and the only woman featured in the entire issue. Evidently, her impact in the world of "scientists and thinkers" was a tremendous one, and, as mentioned in Matthiessen's Time article, her book, Silent Spring, is "nearly 40 years later . . . still regarded as the cornerstone of the new environmentalism."1 Matthiessen goes on to write that "one shudders to imagine how much more impoverished our habitat would be had Silent Spring not sounded the alarm."2 This is indeed a worthy claim by Mr. Matthiessen, but he correctly uncovers a bigger and more alarming truth when he says, "the damage being done by poison chemicals today is far worse than it was when she wrote the book."3 In fact, since 1962, pesticide use in the US has doubled.4 As an environmentalist (or a "radical" environmentalist, as I am often labeled by members of the mainstream environmental movement), I feel it is my duty as a protector of the Earth's well-being to write this editorial as a means of bringing into the American consciousness a variety of frightening environmental issues. Though some of you may be aware of these problems, I know many are not, and thus may be shocked to learn about the degradation of our Earth and the people living in it. Indeed, I truly believe that "since the dawn of the industrial age, America has behaved like an alcoholic with a good job—prospering despite a lifestyle that jeopardizes the future and ruins much of what is good with irresponsible behavior.

Real-Life Problem Faced by the Body Shop

1. 0 INTRODUCTION This report is to address the real-life problem faced by The Body Shop and how the problem can be solved based on the functions of management. According to the information provided by The Body Shop website, The Body Shop has successfully created an image of being a caring company that is in helping to protect the third world workers and indigenous peoples. But behind the cuddly image lies the reality The Body Shop's operations, the Body Shop does not help the dilemma of the workers and indigenous peoples as well as put them on a pedestal in order to exploit people's idealism.Evidence from â€Å"What’s wrong with the Body Shop† (1988) stated that The Body Shop claims to be helping some third world workers and indigenous peoples through so-called ‘Trade Not Aid' or ‘Community Trade' projects. In fact, these are largely a marketing strategy as less than 1% of sales go to ‘Community Trade' producers, and it has been shown that some of the se products have been sourced from mainstream commercial markets. This is the existing problem faced by The Body Shop. Instead, if the problem of exploiting indigenous peoples cannot be solved, this leads to some impact on the specified environment especially customers and pressure group.Robbins, Bergman, Stagg, and Coulter (2006) have stated that organisations exist to assemble the needs of customers. Customer is the one who absorbs the organisation’s output. Consequently, customers will start to increase the awareness need to think seriously about the products they use and to consume less. Customers will boycott the Body Shop until the problem is settled. The evidence is seen that customers had started to declare their feeling through the internet. For an example, they posted bad command on â€Å"The Consumer Trap† (Dawson, 2007). For the pressure groups, they do a lot of activities or campaign to against The Body Shop.For example, The London Greenpeace Group has sta rted to create awareness to the customers to consume less The Body Shop’s products as well as to command the workers organise together to fight for their rights (â€Å"What’s wrong with,† 1988); The Body Shop has been ordered by a Brazilian court to pay more than US$ 431,000 (? 218,000) to settle labor claims against it by three former employees of its â€Å"Fair Trade† project in the Amazon Rainforest (Tolup, 2006); The Body Shop was included in the list of the Daishowa Boycott List (Lubicon Lake Indian Nation, 1995).We can imagine that if by exploiting the indigenous problem still cannot be solved, this may cause a bad image to the Body Shop’s organisation. As a result, a goal to â€Å"reduce exploiting third world workers and indigenous peoples by 85% compared with last few year figures by the 2010† must be put in place. In order to accomplish the goal, the functions of management are proposed in the discussion of this report. 2. 0 DISCUS SION There are 4 functions identified with management (Fayol, as cited in Robbins et al. , 2006).This report will only discuss 2 function and they are planning and controlling. This is because planning is the primary management function (Jayasheree Pakhare, 2007) to distinguish from (Robbins et al. , 2006). Without planning the management of The Body Shop would not know how to be organised. Moreover, planning is the ongoing process of developing the business’ mission and objectives and determining how they will be accomplished (Higgins, 1994). Planning can provide direction to the management of The Body Shop in how they can do in reducing this problem.Meanwhile, control is the final link to management functions and function of monitoring work to check progress against goal and taking corrective action when required (Bennis, 2003). After the plans are established, The Body Shop’s management needs control to see whether their goal or plans were on target and what future actions to take. So, the Body Shop must start their steps by creating plans which are effective and powerful in reducing this event as well as in monitoring activities to make sure that the plans are accurate. 2. 1 PlanningIn reduce exploiting workers and indigenous peoples’ problem it is proposed that The Body Shop use operational plans. This is because operational plans are short term (Robbins et al. , 2006). This is link because the goal is set to be achievable by 2010. Robbins et al. (2006) stated that there can be difficult for the manager to established plans for a long period. Evidence stated that this problem had overcome a lot of boycott from customers and pressure groups. Let imagine that if the problem cannot be reduce within the following 2 years how enormous are the unpleasant loss need to bear by The Body Shop.Moreover, operational plans are specific (Robbins et al. , 2006). This meant that specific plans are clearly defined and leave no room for interpretation or there is no ambiguity with misunderstandings. The specific plans are suggested because the exploitation problem is sensitive and must have particular guidelines to go after. The management of Body Shop cannot use flexible or general guidelines to reduce the events. This may overcome more problems and increase more boycott from pressure groups and customers.Allen (1998) stated that operational plans are standing. Standing plans are ongoing plans that provide guidance for the problems performed repeatedly and include some policies, rules and procedures that must be follow include policies, procedures, method, and rules. The Body Shop must establish a lot of policies or rules to guide their factories managers or supervisor to reduce the exploitation. With the ongoing policies or rules, The Body Shop can prevent the increasable of exploitation as well as can reduce it by 2010.The management of Body Shop can identify of how the goal is to be achieved by below operational plans: (i) Cr eating a team This team is required to visit the Body Shop’s factories in different countries to make sure there they do not have problems related to exploitation as well as examine the managers’ behaviour in controlling the workers. When the exploiting problem occurs, the team has to do research to find out the reasons. (ii) Establishing a policy to set minimum and fair wages The Body Shop’s organisation must set a minimum wages policy to guide their factories’ managers.The wages can be set more than the wages set by the government and must be fair for the workers. This can ensure the workers will not de dissatisfied with their salary in order to increase their performance. (iii) Putting in place an agreement between the indigenous peoples and organisation An agreement must be signed between the indigenous peoples and the Body Shop organisation to safeguard both parties’ interests. For example, a rule can identify that the ongoing ‘Trade Not Aid' or ‘Community Trade' projects must indicate 10%-20% of sales go to ‘Community Trade' producers.This is because the Body Shop had already claimed to help them so the Body Shop has kept its promise. (iv) Setting a standard application procedure A procedure how the managers select the workers or indigenous peoples to work must be set by the Body Shop organisation. The decision making by the factories’ managers must follow this standard application procedure. If the workers fulfill all the application procedures, the managers cannot abuse the application. (v) Organising social responsibilities The Body Shop can organise scholarship programmes for the indigenous or workers’ children.In addition, some facilities can be established to provide convenience for workers. For example, providing transportation set up a health clinic or a comminuting hall. Therefore, this kind of social responsibilities can prevent the pressure group and customers continue to boyco tt the Body Shop. (vi) Introducing a code of ethics The code of ethics provides guidance on everything from the simplest of questions to the most difficult ones on complex ethical dilemma. So a code which can guide the manager on how to prevent the exploiting problems can be included.For example, guide the managers to built trust between the workers and indigenous peoples, to define the problem accurately and what is the intention in making decisions. 2. 2 Controlling In this exploiting workers and indigenous peoples’ problem, the Body Shop is recommend to use the control process. This is because this process is useful and Robbins et al. (2006) stated that the control process including measuring actual performance, comparing actual performance against a standard and taking managerial action to correct the deviation.With this process, the Body Shop requires to measuring its actual performance. The Body Shop advise to measure the actual performance by collecting personal observ ation, statistical, oral, and written reports which is indicated by Allen (1988). After the measurement, the Body Shop can do comparing to determine the degree of variation between actual performance and performance standard with are the goal and the plans suggested above. If the variation is exceeding the acceptable variance, immediate and basic corrective action must be taken by the Body Shop to correct this variance.However, Allen (1988) stated that immediate corrective action is more efficient while basic corrective action is more effective. Thus, the Body Shop must take actions depend on how effective or efficient they target the actions to be. In order to reduce the exploitation, the Body Shop also proposes to use bureaucratic control. This is because bureaucratic controls emphasizes organisational authority and relies on administrative rules, policies and procedures (Robbins et al. , 2006). In the part of planning, there are a lot of plans are that identified with policy, agr eement and procedure.Consequently, The Body Shop must link them together to make sense. However, according to Robbins et al. (2006), managers need suitable tools for monitoring and measuring organisational performance. The tools for controlling organisational performance are called feedforward control, concurrent control and feedback control. 2. 2. 1 Feedforward Control Feedforward controls allow managers to prevent problems rather than having to correct the problems (Robbins et al. , 2006). The management of The Body Shop must sort out some actions which can prevent the problems occur. Feedforward control is the most desirable type of control.This is because this control can avoid led to waste or damages. The actions that the Body Shop can take in feedforward control are: (i) Establish some incentives to the workers or indigenous peoples whose performance is up to the task. For example, provide 15months wages per year, health care policies, and transportation. (ii) Provide some tra ining or guidance to the factories’ managers to ensure them has appropriate behavior in controlling the workers. 2. 2. 2 Concurrent Control Concurrent control is the control that takes place while a work activity is in progress (Allen, 2006).In this moment, the management of The Body Shop can monitoring their factories managers and corrects the problem before they become too costly. The actions that the Body Shop can take in concurrent control are: (i) Organising a direct supervision. For example, if there have some mistakes in abuse the workers’ wages or terrible managers’ behavior, the created team must directly correct them. (ii) Monitoring the managers. When the problem occurs, the Body Shop should organise a seminar to brief the managers in monitoring any problems that should be corrected.This can prevent more expenses need to bear before the misleading problems become more complex. 2. 2. 3 Feedback Control In feedback control, the control takes place after the activities are done (Robbins et al. , 2006). Feedback control is the most popular control. This is because feedback control can provide information on how effective their planning efforts were as well as enhance workers motivation. The actions that the Body Shop can take in feedback control are: (i) After the goal is achieved, the created team necessity does surprise visits to their outlet or factories in different countries.In this visits, the Body Shop will receive some useful or meaningful information to formulating new plans. (ii) Organise some survey for the workers. The survey maybe about the behavior of the managers. Through these kinds of visits and survey, the Body Shop organisation can understand whether the managers still follow the policy, agreement or procedure or not. 3. 0 CONCLUSION To reduce the exploiting workers and indigenous peoples’ problem, the Body Shop must indicated planning and controlling. The evidence stated that planning and controlling are t he most important and useful ways to reduce the problem.In planning, the operational plans which are short term, specific and standing are suggested. However, in controlling, the process of control and bureaucratic control is more appropriate in achieve the goal. Moreover, the tools for controlling organisational performance called feedforward control, concurrent control and feedback control also are suggested for the Body Shop organisation. 4. 0 RECOMMENDATION Therefore, there are 5 recommendations for the Body Shop organisation: (i) Creating a team (ii) Establishing a policy to set minimum and fair wages iii) Putting in place an agreement between the indigenous peoples and organisation (iv) Provide incentives to workers and indigenous peoples (v) Organising direct supervision References Allen, G. (1998). Planning Process. Management modern. Retrieved April 26, 2008 from http://ollie. dcccd. edu/mgmt1374/book_contents/2planning/plng_process/plng_process. htm Bennis, W. (2003). On B ecoming a Leader. Trump Mediaeval: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc Carroll, S. J. & Gillen, D. J. (1987). Are the Classical Management Functions Useful in Describing Managerial Work? Academy of Management Review, 12(1), 38-51. Dawson, M. (2007).Behind the Green Veil: Notes from Stan Cox. The Consumer Trap. Retrieved April 23, 2008 from www. consumertrap. com Higgins, J. (1994). The Management Challenge, Macmillan: Author. Jayashree Pakhare, (2007). Management Concepts- The Four Functions of Management. Business & Finance. Retrieved April 26, 2008 from http://www. buzzle. com/articles/management-concepts-the-four-functions-of-management. html Lubicon Lake Indian Nation. (1995). Daishowa Boycott List Update. Retrieved April 15, 2008 from http://www. nisto. com/cree/lubicon/1995/19950909. html Robbins, S. , Bergman, R. , Stagg, I. , & Coulter, M. (2006).Foundation of Management. Australia: Pearson Education. The London Greenpeace Group. (1988). What's Wrong With The Body Shop? – A Criticis m Of ‘Green' Consumerism. McLibel Support Campaign. Retrieved April 20, 2008 from http://www. mcspotlight. org/beyond/companies/bs_ref. html Tolup, A. (2006). Brazilian and British courts order Body Shop to pay Brazilian Project's former workers. Retrieved April 15, 2008 from http://www. brazzilmag. com/content/view/7629/53/ Support Community Trade: What's happening in the US. (2007). Our Values. Retrieved April 20, 2008 from http: http://www. thebodyshop. com/bodyshop/values/support_community_trade. jsp Real-Life Problem Faced by the Body Shop 1. 0 INTRODUCTION This report is to address the real-life problem faced by The Body Shop and how the problem can be solved based on the functions of management. According to the information provided by The Body Shop website, The Body Shop has successfully created an image of being a caring company that is in helping to protect the third world workers and indigenous peoples. But behind the cuddly image lies the reality The Body Shop's operations, the Body Shop does not help the dilemma of the workers and indigenous peoples as well as put them on a pedestal in order to exploit people's idealism.Evidence from â€Å"What’s wrong with the Body Shop† (1988) stated that The Body Shop claims to be helping some third world workers and indigenous peoples through so-called ‘Trade Not Aid' or ‘Community Trade' projects. In fact, these are largely a marketing strategy as less than 1% of sales go to ‘Community Trade' producers, and it has been shown that some of the se products have been sourced from mainstream commercial markets. This is the existing problem faced by The Body Shop. Instead, if the problem of exploiting indigenous peoples cannot be solved, this leads to some impact on the specified environment especially customers and pressure group.Robbins, Bergman, Stagg, and Coulter (2006) have stated that organisations exist to assemble the needs of customers. Customer is the one who absorbs the organisation’s output. Consequently, customers will start to increase the awareness need to think seriously about the products they use and to consume less. Customers will boycott the Body Shop until the problem is settled. The evidence is seen that customers had started to declare their feeling through the internet. For an example, they posted bad command on â€Å"The Consumer Trap† (Dawson, 2007). For the pressure groups, they do a lot of activities or campaign to against The Body Shop.For example, The London Greenpeace Group has sta rted to create awareness to the customers to consume less The Body Shop’s products as well as to command the workers organise together to fight for their rights (â€Å"What’s wrong with,† 1988); The Body Shop has been ordered by a Brazilian court to pay more than US$ 431,000 (? 218,000) to settle labor claims against it by three former employees of its â€Å"Fair Trade† project in the Amazon Rainforest (Tolup, 2006); The Body Shop was included in the list of the Daishowa Boycott List (Lubicon Lake Indian Nation, 1995).We can imagine that if by exploiting the indigenous problem still cannot be solved, this may cause a bad image to the Body Shop’s organisation. As a result, a goal to â€Å"reduce exploiting third world workers and indigenous peoples by 85% compared with last few year figures by the 2010† must be put in place. In order to accomplish the goal, the functions of management are proposed in the discussion of this report. 2. 0 DISCUS SION There are 4 functions identified with management (Fayol, as cited in Robbins et al. , 2006).This report will only discuss 2 function and they are planning and controlling. This is because planning is the primary management function (Jayasheree Pakhare, 2007) to distinguish from (Robbins et al. , 2006). Without planning the management of The Body Shop would not know how to be organised. Moreover, planning is the ongoing process of developing the business’ mission and objectives and determining how they will be accomplished (Higgins, 1994). Planning can provide direction to the management of The Body Shop in how they can do in reducing this problem.Meanwhile, control is the final link to management functions and function of monitoring work to check progress against goal and taking corrective action when required (Bennis, 2003). After the plans are established, The Body Shop’s management needs control to see whether their goal or plans were on target and what future actions to take. So, the Body Shop must start their steps by creating plans which are effective and powerful in reducing this event as well as in monitoring activities to make sure that the plans are accurate. 2. 1 PlanningIn reduce exploiting workers and indigenous peoples’ problem it is proposed that The Body Shop use operational plans. This is because operational plans are short term (Robbins et al. , 2006). This is link because the goal is set to be achievable by 2010. Robbins et al. (2006) stated that there can be difficult for the manager to established plans for a long period. Evidence stated that this problem had overcome a lot of boycott from customers and pressure groups. Let imagine that if the problem cannot be reduce within the following 2 years how enormous are the unpleasant loss need to bear by The Body Shop.Moreover, operational plans are specific (Robbins et al. , 2006). This meant that specific plans are clearly defined and leave no room for interpretation or there is no ambiguity with misunderstandings. The specific plans are suggested because the exploitation problem is sensitive and must have particular guidelines to go after. The management of Body Shop cannot use flexible or general guidelines to reduce the events. This may overcome more problems and increase more boycott from pressure groups and customers.Allen (1998) stated that operational plans are standing. Standing plans are ongoing plans that provide guidance for the problems performed repeatedly and include some policies, rules and procedures that must be follow include policies, procedures, method, and rules. The Body Shop must establish a lot of policies or rules to guide their factories managers or supervisor to reduce the exploitation. With the ongoing policies or rules, The Body Shop can prevent the increasable of exploitation as well as can reduce it by 2010.The management of Body Shop can identify of how the goal is to be achieved by below operational plans: (i) Cr eating a team This team is required to visit the Body Shop’s factories in different countries to make sure there they do not have problems related to exploitation as well as examine the managers’ behaviour in controlling the workers. When the exploiting problem occurs, the team has to do research to find out the reasons. (ii) Establishing a policy to set minimum and fair wages The Body Shop’s organisation must set a minimum wages policy to guide their factories’ managers.The wages can be set more than the wages set by the government and must be fair for the workers. This can ensure the workers will not de dissatisfied with their salary in order to increase their performance. (iii) Putting in place an agreement between the indigenous peoples and organisation An agreement must be signed between the indigenous peoples and the Body Shop organisation to safeguard both parties’ interests. For example, a rule can identify that the ongoing ‘Trade Not Aid' or ‘Community Trade' projects must indicate 10%-20% of sales go to ‘Community Trade' producers.This is because the Body Shop had already claimed to help them so the Body Shop has kept its promise. (iv) Setting a standard application procedure A procedure how the managers select the workers or indigenous peoples to work must be set by the Body Shop organisation. The decision making by the factories’ managers must follow this standard application procedure. If the workers fulfill all the application procedures, the managers cannot abuse the application. (v) Organising social responsibilities The Body Shop can organise scholarship programmes for the indigenous or workers’ children.In addition, some facilities can be established to provide convenience for workers. For example, providing transportation set up a health clinic or a comminuting hall. Therefore, this kind of social responsibilities can prevent the pressure group and customers continue to boyco tt the Body Shop. (vi) Introducing a code of ethics The code of ethics provides guidance on everything from the simplest of questions to the most difficult ones on complex ethical dilemma. So a code which can guide the manager on how to prevent the exploiting problems can be included.For example, guide the managers to built trust between the workers and indigenous peoples, to define the problem accurately and what is the intention in making decisions. 2. 2 Controlling In this exploiting workers and indigenous peoples’ problem, the Body Shop is recommend to use the control process. This is because this process is useful and Robbins et al. (2006) stated that the control process including measuring actual performance, comparing actual performance against a standard and taking managerial action to correct the deviation.With this process, the Body Shop requires to measuring its actual performance. The Body Shop advise to measure the actual performance by collecting personal observ ation, statistical, oral, and written reports which is indicated by Allen (1988). After the measurement, the Body Shop can do comparing to determine the degree of variation between actual performance and performance standard with are the goal and the plans suggested above. If the variation is exceeding the acceptable variance, immediate and basic corrective action must be taken by the Body Shop to correct this variance.However, Allen (1988) stated that immediate corrective action is more efficient while basic corrective action is more effective. Thus, the Body Shop must take actions depend on how effective or efficient they target the actions to be. In order to reduce the exploitation, the Body Shop also proposes to use bureaucratic control. This is because bureaucratic controls emphasizes organisational authority and relies on administrative rules, policies and procedures (Robbins et al. , 2006). In the part of planning, there are a lot of plans are that identified with policy, agr eement and procedure.Consequently, The Body Shop must link them together to make sense. However, according to Robbins et al. (2006), managers need suitable tools for monitoring and measuring organisational performance. The tools for controlling organisational performance are called feedforward control, concurrent control and feedback control. 2. 2. 1 Feedforward Control Feedforward controls allow managers to prevent problems rather than having to correct the problems (Robbins et al. , 2006). The management of The Body Shop must sort out some actions which can prevent the problems occur. Feedforward control is the most desirable type of control.This is because this control can avoid led to waste or damages. The actions that the Body Shop can take in feedforward control are: (i) Establish some incentives to the workers or indigenous peoples whose performance is up to the task. For example, provide 15months wages per year, health care policies, and transportation. (ii) Provide some tra ining or guidance to the factories’ managers to ensure them has appropriate behavior in controlling the workers. 2. 2. 2 Concurrent Control Concurrent control is the control that takes place while a work activity is in progress (Allen, 2006).In this moment, the management of The Body Shop can monitoring their factories managers and corrects the problem before they become too costly. The actions that the Body Shop can take in concurrent control are: (i) Organising a direct supervision. For example, if there have some mistakes in abuse the workers’ wages or terrible managers’ behavior, the created team must directly correct them. (ii) Monitoring the managers. When the problem occurs, the Body Shop should organise a seminar to brief the managers in monitoring any problems that should be corrected.This can prevent more expenses need to bear before the misleading problems become more complex. 2. 2. 3 Feedback Control In feedback control, the control takes place after the activities are done (Robbins et al. , 2006). Feedback control is the most popular control. This is because feedback control can provide information on how effective their planning efforts were as well as enhance workers motivation. The actions that the Body Shop can take in feedback control are: (i) After the goal is achieved, the created team necessity does surprise visits to their outlet or factories in different countries.In this visits, the Body Shop will receive some useful or meaningful information to formulating new plans. (ii) Organise some survey for the workers. The survey maybe about the behavior of the managers. Through these kinds of visits and survey, the Body Shop organisation can understand whether the managers still follow the policy, agreement or procedure or not. 3. 0 CONCLUSION To reduce the exploiting workers and indigenous peoples’ problem, the Body Shop must indicated planning and controlling. The evidence stated that planning and controlling are t he most important and useful ways to reduce the problem.In planning, the operational plans which are short term, specific and standing are suggested. However, in controlling, the process of control and bureaucratic control is more appropriate in achieve the goal. Moreover, the tools for controlling organisational performance called feedforward control, concurrent control and feedback control also are suggested for the Body Shop organisation. 4. 0 RECOMMENDATION Therefore, there are 5 recommendations for the Body Shop organisation: (i) Creating a team (ii) Establishing a policy to set minimum and fair wages iii) Putting in place an agreement between the indigenous peoples and organisation (iv) Provide incentives to workers and indigenous peoples (v) Organising direct supervision References Allen, G. (1998). Planning Process. Management modern. Retrieved April 26, 2008 from http://ollie. dcccd. edu/mgmt1374/book_contents/2planning/plng_process/plng_process. htm Bennis, W. (2003). On B ecoming a Leader. Trump Mediaeval: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc Carroll, S. J. & Gillen, D. J. (1987). Are the Classical Management Functions Useful in Describing Managerial Work? Academy of Management Review, 12(1), 38-51. Dawson, M. (2007).Behind the Green Veil: Notes from Stan Cox. The Consumer Trap. Retrieved April 23, 2008 from www. consumertrap. com Higgins, J. (1994). The Management Challenge, Macmillan: Author. Jayashree Pakhare, (2007). Management Concepts- The Four Functions of Management. Business & Finance. Retrieved April 26, 2008 from http://www. buzzle. com/articles/management-concepts-the-four-functions-of-management. html Lubicon Lake Indian Nation. (1995). Daishowa Boycott List Update. Retrieved April 15, 2008 from http://www. nisto. com/cree/lubicon/1995/19950909. html Robbins, S. , Bergman, R. , Stagg, I. , & Coulter, M. (2006).Foundation of Management. Australia: Pearson Education. The London Greenpeace Group. (1988). What's Wrong With The Body Shop? – A Criticis m Of ‘Green' Consumerism. McLibel Support Campaign. Retrieved April 20, 2008 from http://www. mcspotlight. org/beyond/companies/bs_ref. html Tolup, A. (2006). Brazilian and British courts order Body Shop to pay Brazilian Project's former workers. Retrieved April 15, 2008 from http://www. brazzilmag. com/content/view/7629/53/ Support Community Trade: What's happening in the US. (2007). Our Values. Retrieved April 20, 2008 from http: http://www. thebodyshop. com/bodyshop/values/support_community_trade. jsp